print
and digital journalism comparative study
comparative
study
preparation
: Media / Nagy Sonbaty / Nagy abdelsalam elsonbaty Sonbaty
** (prepared the study for the Union
of Arab bloggers as part of the draft version of
a book
and promoted on the digital press (press blogging)
*********************************************************
N our articles by revolutions:
*******************
dear citizen you King
******************
* Dear citizen with actress net positions in
blogs and social networks such as Facebook and others became owns gadgets
and express your thoughts and opinions without Rqyib just your conscience
... Dear citizen you king if you want Vasobh in the available space
in front of you and expressed Cal anything without an abuse of a
what you want to declare that it can a way that respects
everyone and Athacb them religiously or legally documented that your message
will reach and to introduce you tothis study , which shows
the difference between traditional our press and our press electronic
(digital) with greetings Nagy elsonbaty
*****************
*****************************************
Note:this
study was written in arabic language and translated by google translation ,so
this translation may g.t do not know some Arabian words so goole translate
it as written in Arabic but in
englisg:a,bc,…
************************************************
*print and digital journalism comparative
study
comparative study
preparation : Media by / Nagy
abdelsalam elsonbaty Sonbaty
** (prepared the study for the Union
of Arab bloggers as part of the draft version of a book and promoted
on the digital press (press blogging)
***************************************************************************************************************************
**********************
** Introduction:
** dating to the press printed inventing
Gutenberg printing press , although there were various forms of
communication between human beings have the press passed printed
tremendous developments included printing, paper, inks and hardware combination
devices printing modes are also included editorial ideas and methods
of writing and enlisted in the recent two elements foundations
computers and communications revolution and was a radio appearance factor
contender for printed press and then enter the television
broadcasting and the emergence of satellite television network of
television stations to compete to become a serious competitor print media
as they cope with the event, moment by moment , and supported
by regular and colorful cinematic film, video , still images ,which
Matadz by the newspaper , despite the development of organs
and technologies and remained newspapers resist this competition depending on
the interpretation, analysis and the dissemination of Almhawkat
readership of sport and incidents is an exciting and credit issues
are also on the generation great in the Age of lovers print
reading and who finds pleasure to read from a newspaper in his hands , but
the competition extending between the print media and television directed
competitor dangerously appeared in the last century, but support his feet
in thecompetitive market in the last decade of the last century ,
and with thesolutions of this century became a print newspapers
and television stations to chase after him , namely
the emergence of the so - called global network for
the exchange of information ( the Internet) or so - it (Web) If
the crowding terrestrial and satellite television stations and with cable did
not affect significantly the size of the print media , despite
deducted for a large part of the public reader , however ,
the global network for the exchange of information (Web) came up
with new ideas and turned the print and broadcast journalism of high
- yield potentials that need to be a huge financial cost to Aigdr
only by governments and companies Aldkhmh..holtha to with a few
possibilities Press All that isrequired computers Home or laptop and is
available at reasonable prices and varying fit capita income The Order in one
of the service providers companies to become the individual
a telephone interactive world knows the news at the moment and
respond with comment and participation and then moved from huge to press
the individual Sahafhalanteg and if the individual is in
the printed press is an element of human elements and technical
institutional It is in the Web Press is an integrated news organization
mini in the person of the individual has an impact , of course
, many things have ended press censorship , despite attempts
bygovernments to restrict the press the new by blocking websites and
rationing incriminating sanctions to press the Web also finished media
blackout on people in conflict with the ruling systems in different
countries and opened up room for the freedom of the citizen
's right to teach and tolearn about the basic and the right to
communicate and the right to know and the right to justice
, which is an unprecedented achievement in many areas relating
to human rights and whether the censorship of printed newspapers
represented in management control and then moved to self -censorship
, represented by the editor , a more severe and horrible and
represented in the press audio and visual in the control
of states , by and what came under private sector control (some
of it) consisted censorship in the expression of the thought of
the owner of capital and interests and then block out views that
are incompatible with it and Mafelt of this is that represented in
agreements between states to control television broadcasts and also
radiocommunication even for Obadna about censorship , there
are policies designed to broadcast all that is contrary to our
beliefs and our thoughts and our traditions , worked to change theideas
and Baltly the restructuring of public opinion in favor
of marginal cases where the concepts and views of new infused
through the so -upon communication to influence scientists Alnaom
without the need to control protects governments from freedom
of display problems ofcitizens of issues of political, economic,
cultural and social unlike Managd in digital press freedom without limits and
without witnesses only asergeant and one Homhaolh blocking websites and try
to criminalize employers views that escape from blocking and so
it was for this freedom in the field of digital press room
broadband to ask all the concerns of thecitizen and detect deviations and
corruption in instantaneously sound and image and writing and movement and
light , using a package of Legends and expression , or so
- it Almaltimdia.
** Digital from our point of view and the press are all so - on
Maaketb opinions and events are taken forms subjects press a variety
of traditional and modern benefiting from modern technologies expressive
writing and sound and movement and Balduupaloloan and film video and film and
flash and slide on the pages of a virtual network (Web) can then be
to call on the sites and on forums and on blogs and on the printed
newspaper sites on the Internet .. the term digital press, but
the closest to this term is journalism (blogging) , which mushroomed
terrible from 1994 , especially in the Arab region , which is
the focus of comparison with the print press our study and there
is a feature master them compared to the printed press that there
is interaction in real time between the press and Internet
readers , whether normal or from other bloggers audience while
theinteraction between readers and the printed press late in time and
controlled by the Liberation printed prime in case Asahafhalmsmoah and
video where the editor controls in addition to the exploitation of
the viewer and listener in broadcast journalists through telephone calls
and letters of s.ms and the importance of digital journalism formed
unions volunteer of care and protection, solidarity and technical
assistance for the long relationship and exchange of knowledge and
information among the press and book digital journalism there an Arab
union for online writers and theUnion of Arab bloggers and worldwide there
are union of electronic journalism and there are electronic
unions ( the study , prepared for theUnion of Arab bloggers --kjze of
book paper --- As a member of it and amember of one of its
committees for the work of writers and promoted Committee composed of
ten members , headed by Dr. Mohammed Shadi Keskin has donated
graciously by the Union , Mr. Nayef Alepeshaarh printing paper book
on his own account)
**** from here comes the importance of this study we will show it in
three sections:
** Provided the above
** Alambgesalool: print journalism
** The second topic: Digital journalism (blogging)
** Section III: A Comparative Study
** list of references and sources
First topic: the printing press
First: the concept paper:
* put Encyclopaedia Britannica definition of the newspaper "as
aperiodical bulletin is encapsulated issued in regular classes and are
primarily transfer news and most newspapers published daily or weekly and
the separation between them and the private Saab magazine among newspapers
published every week, but generally called prism magazine if the envelope
Bglavi in 1928 , select each of atto groth German citizenship, enwin emery
US citizenship newspaper attributes as follows:
1-be published on a regular basis , at least weekly.
2. the printed mechanically.
3. to be available to people from all sides .
4. The content of the newspaper have ever rally interesting and
attractive.
5. be of a specified timing with continuity.
Second: the press in its development:
"Advanced means of communication
with the masses in the nineteenth and twentieth, and dramatically,
and jumped fantastic leaps, because many of the changes that
have been made in this period, is the most important social and
intellectual developments and progress inventions 0 The
press before that did not have the meaning of this word meaning, and
why , the newspaper was about a certain news published issued first issued in
each period of time, and was the owner of the printing house, is the
one who issued this leaflet, and was not printing house itself on
thedegree qualifies them to do this simple act 0
did not print themselves have not evolved a pAL since tried Jutenbrah printed
Bible letters intermittent enacted in 1456, then took it develops when taking
Almtabjeeh in the appointment of assistants to them both inside
the house itself or outside, including Benjamin Dai , who runs one of
the presses, which appointed some of his acquaintances, to go to
theplaces of the events and write the investigations and
that was in 1833 and then known , especially in the United
States press press release. but some of them, seeing as defined
by German researcher [otto Groth]
and the US [Edwin Emerey], the previous reference to them, that
the first real newspaper in the world is [the oxford Gazette] renamed
later b [London Gazette] and issued first in 1665, and the show twice a week,
and continued to publish to the early twentieth century, and that
the first English - language newspaper
Is: [the Daily courant] which appeared in
London in 1702, and were largely concerned with substance literary issues
, intellectual, and directed mainly to the Safwa educated, and
adopted a basis to cover all their costs on the announcement 0
In 1660 issued a stamp of Boston is Benjamin Harris, newspaper dubbed
the external and internal affairs , "The American Journal first,
included four pages, and the fourth page, leave empty, to fill readers,
on their own, before the liberation of friends, and not by
the titles of topics, has wanted to Harris, that published monthly,
but stopped after a number one for attacking Gov. (Mascosets) because it
was issued without a warrant or order of the governor, and
arrested its owner and returned to London and seen the difference in
the opinion of researchers, referred to, while determines
the first researcher history of journalism, history (Benjamin Dai), in
the United States in 1833, We find that the researcher determined,
after a careful definition of on paper it issued in 1665, but goes to
another newspaper published in 1660, and we tend to theselection of
the building, on scientific grounds, and is interested in
thenewspaper or magazine or periodical definition and application of these
rules, the type , to be measured and determined]
** However, Ahmed Bader believes that print
journalism known for thefirst time in China in the Dynasty (Tang), in
the seventh century, when China knew, Arts Engraving and Printing Alqalbah
and if we get in history, with the beginning of the Renaissance
in Europe, you will learn on thepress also, we know it today, after
the invention of printing, as is known, at the hands
(Jutenbrah), and is considered the event, one of thedevelopment
of civilization signs prominent, as rolled beyond, theissuance of
the press in Europe, Vsdrt first
newspaper printed in Germany, the year 1502, It was called (Niosetonj) and
printed the first newspaper in England in 1922, namely , (weekly News
(weekly News)
** Then the first newspaper appeared, in
Italy, in 1566 and in theNetherlands in 1616 and in Sweden in 1624
and in France in 1631, andthen press appeared in the American colonies,
and in America after independence, has witnessed in 1830, tremendous
changes in the field ofjournalism, as began the issuance
of infrastructure the newspaper penny Press, ie can the ordinary
public, to purchase, and it was printed ,including large numbers, and
is cost - efficient advertising and increase distribution, offbeat
news, stories entertaining and kicked off the world press later in
the massive march, with the introduction of technology, advanced
in:
(1. 2. printing output). We add to it ( the art of editing
the press) as we add them, appliances, equipment and other means
of communication, as well as the human element, an enormous
quantity of updates, without human understanding of them, and absorb
them, through training and learning, are just pieces of iron and wire, bundled,
not It will not protect them from hunger [
** Updates have been entered, the above
elements, the passage of days, it was ruled, factor (large
- scale production which is estimated, however , the major
entities, has led this one, attempts to assemble, in the form oflarge
companies, or to try to organize governments have, in the form
oflarge entities, or nationalized in other entities controlled by one hand, and
the magnitude of investments in, and that can not only by big
money, and the paper is not affected by the owner, or
the publisher only, but they are affected, with its money,
tools, machinery and developments intechnology related with making
reformatted, the news gathering and submission and publication 0
[the improvements in transportation, from the carrier pigeon, (and by
theHoopoe)] as in our opinion, the first carrier to the news, but
first his opinion (000 Saba news sure) "and horses and ships legitimacy,
to jet, to satellite
've worked all of which, on the speed of gathering and
dissemination ofnews, photographs, while assisted mechanical developments in
printing and paper industry, to increase the size and quantity, and
we can say, that technological development, began the truth since
the fifteenth century since the invention of the printing press
and until the early nineteenth century, it was a hand print,
then used the presses cylindrical cylinder press in the newspaper
the Times of London in 1814, then used theprinting press, the steam
rather than those that used to be operated manually, and was invented
in 1860 panels Injected stereotyr platel then came the great development
after that, in 1881, using machines Allenoti linotype while helped (wattage) to
improve cutting weight operations, and Tjalida, and edition
also helped the rapid developments in the phone and writing on a
typewriter, and drilling operations Engraving and use of colors and inks
in technological development, which led to the output of modern
newspaper differently, as the twentieth century has seen other
improvements in theprocesses and equipment used 0
especially those that relate to , machines combining imaging machines
Printing Offset, and those that relate to invent remote printing teletype
and so around 1928 (while the news on a typewriter prints in
a country or aparticular place, the system Alletip print it in
another country, at the same time in addition to innovations in
photography aware of , and use, thecolors, and therefore color press appearance)
pictorial journalism.
* Indicates technological developments to the possibility of instant
printing of newspapers on the scale Alqomywaldoly and so on through
electronic impulses electronic impulses that translate in Alahaly newspapers
printed, but that is threatening many jobs of technicians and workers] In
my view can be re - trained and qualified to deal with new technologies
[
Third: press Arab in its development:
* dating to the beginning of the Arab press, in Egypt ... As stated
Marjoa Egyptian and Arab press, that Egypt knew the press during
the French occupation, called the campaign of Napoleon in 1798,
and the issuance of two newspapers, Korti and Hiljpt, to Aricar Ajpshin,
but these newspapers , were not Egyptian, but they reflect the mouthpiece of
the campaign .. in 1825, Bulaq Press was founded, and issued
periodically Journal Khedive and issued tabloid Abraham Moelhi and Mohamed
Osman Galal in 1869 as dating the Egyptian press, the newspaper
official proceedings, issued in in 1828, also he appeared in Egypt , the first
scientific journal specializing in the Arab Middle East , namely
, (
Dragonfly Medicine) which was issued in
1865, for fried Pasha and then rolled, Egypt many newspapers and magazines, at
the hands of theEgyptians and Hamyin, encouraged by some of the Islamic
world leaders, such as Jamal al - Afghani as it can be said that
the Egyptian press, passed through many stages, remind them of the
following: -
1. the early stages, before the occupation
2. British occupation phase
3. The emergence of national newspapers, Ksahv Mustafa Kamel and
Mohamed Farid Abdullah Nadeem
(Major General - and Professor)
Sheikh Algayati (Journal Pro), and so
on , from the newspapers, which carried around, different parties,
a phenomenon different from the current phenomena, in the newspapers,
on the parties 0
as it was for the Arabs and Muslims in Egypt, ample room, in this
regard, was the various newspapers to express them, as Muslims, and Kharbin of
Ottoman rule, and spread their case Thus, between a tug of war, in
loyalty to whom?
* Then came the press independence, with the revolution of July
23, 1952 that was left of this powerful newspapers , but Al
- Ahram newspaper, and newspapers (Dar Crescent offline) represents
an important stage, from entering the so - called regulation of
the press law in 1960, and then thevarious legislation, according
to which the profession of journalism , which are by nature,
is based on a responsible freedom, not freedom against a large
difference between the two, and the status of, and theissuance of
the press authority Order No. 148 of 1980, passing the law isrejected
, then 61 to Act 96
* was repulsed t in the Arab world newspapers and magazines
, including :
in 1828 issued the Egyptian Gazette in Egypt
in 1847 issued an evangelist in Algeria 0
in 1858 issued a garden News - Lebanon
in 1860 pioneering in Tunisia , issued
in 1865 were issued Syria in Syria
in 1866 issued Tripoli - in Libya
in 1869 issued Zora in Iraq
in 1879 issued Sana'a, in Yemen
in 1889 were Morocco, in Morocco
in 1889 issued Gazette in Sudan
in 1908 Hejaz in Saudi Arabia issued
in 1928 were issued Kuwait in Kuwait
** Thus , it is clear that
the newspaper Egyptian Gazette, the first newspaper in Arabic,
but the "editor" of the Iraqi Razzouk Issa "he says,
he appeared in the Baghdad newspaper" Journal Iraq
, "created by thegovernor Dawood Pasha Alkrgi in 1818 and was
published in Arabic and Turkish, and broadcast them Proceedings of
the tribes and the people ofIraq, and news of the Ottoman
Empire, and the laws and commands and prohibitions, and other
administrative matters.
he says Sami Aziz, that the Arab press, delayed, for modernization,
because of Ottoman occupation, and his policy toward the Arabs, and
the date of the press, in any Arab country in the Horn 19 shows how
what was experienced by the Arab countries , abuse and persecution
under Ottoman control. for example, instructions to the press during the
reign ofSultan Abdul Hamid, which is as one of the laws
of publications, which indicates their content, to fear
the power of the press, and the features of the press,
of the same features, from penalties for journalists, exiled, tortured and
beaten under Ottoman rule, in all the Arab countries ,
and national movements emerged, emerged in the late 19th century and
the beginning of the twentieth century, and grew up parties, in
the role ofnewspapers as we have said, and the Arab press, associated
in World war I by three factors:
1. the official opinion of
2. views of leaders and politicians layer, and dignitaries and high net
worth 0
3 singles ambition
4. impact of scientific development and the political, ideological
and social life in the press
*******************************
* It can be said, that this press has evolved, in terms of "
the art of editing the press . " It has evolved
in terms of "opinion" journalism "news" and
"comic investigations" and turned articles from lengthy
front page news, columns and half - columns, and linguistic
decoration social press method.
Fourth: The talk in the Egyptian and Arab newspapers evolution:
[Aastvadt the Arab States of the recent developments in
the field ofjournalism from equipment manufacturers of printing
equipment and devices of communication devices and imaging equipment, and
theprogress in the science of chemistry as reported in photography in
color and in the news and in the paper industry, and
the progress in thescience of mechanics and in the printing
industry machinery and electricity, papermaking, inks, etc., from related
industries, the elements of the press, and the means of handling
and ease, and is pleased, achieved a breakthrough, compared with
manual handling, ranging from the moving belt, resulting in saving
of time and effort,
but this Alastphadat of innovations:, differed from state to state, since,
because they need a lot of money, to Aigdr them, but strong institutions,
which have good sources of funding, but we find that the least well
-skilled in the press now has the finest printing levels and finest
inks and finest papers , due to the emergence of oil in these
countries, making them the ability positioned to provide such a huge industry,
by thedeveloped countries , journalists, such as Egypt and Lebanon,
not content with this, but the polarization, journalistic talent, from
journalists and directors and workers to print skilled and Odzlt them
tender, to becompleted rings graphic production has, of modern hardware
technical, administrative, editorial and cadres, a successful production
elements, but it is a shame to her, much as it is an advantage,
since these, temporary labor quickly back to her country and soon the these
countries, of trying, he served leadership positions, and national
elements, but the problem is not in leadership positions in
addition to the lack of direction of strong and effective have
national components of the work of the press, rather than
the other works available have 0
the problem is the difficulty in the lower levels of the editor
or even managing editor, which runs the workshop this work [0
*** in Egypt, began the role of newspapers in the update itself,
in all respects, and the worker layout, the most important element, as in
parts of the world, has the experience, has begun, in Dar cooperation and
Dar knowledge and began in newspapers and magazines other
but the main experiments, begun in the newspapers Al - Ahram and
thenews and in the Republic newspaper later in the House
Crescent, still in the role of implementation, substituting modern
combination machines, for Anuteb and Antertab, then combine graphic, with
offset printers, which conquered the world now because of
the multiple advantages printing experience and were prominent in
the Al - Ahram newspaper in renovations carried out, and in
the news and in the republic newspaper after a period of Al
- Ahram experience and the experience of the news, which
was not limited to the availability of such devices and
machines, but surpassed the availability of modern buildings fit it,
represented by the built the pyramids relatively modern, built in
the News Corporation 's new today, close to the old building
and in the new Republic newspaper building.
** Fourth, the press, public opinion and
society:
• After studying for several years the
committee called the Committee onFreedom of the Press , which
consisted of professors of American Universities:
* - until the public five ideal demands of the press as
follows:
1. to be a comprehensive report on the exact events of
the day
2- to be a space for the exchange of constructive criticism and
comment Ali significant events 0
3. show Guest and trends constituent groups of society
4. submission and clarify the goals and values of society
** Fifth: the ethics of the practice of print journalism:
** and we mean the rules adhered to by workers in the newspaper group
,a so - it ( the code of honor press) and we will show the
Charter of honor press in Egypt as a model for what should be adhered
to by Alaamilomn in the press which is to detract from
the codes of conduct in many countries of the world came
the Charter that the work 's press Aestmd honor of
the quality of his performance , but is derived by this
honor for the purpose for which they serve Almnchorh..an floor
abstract word from the obligation to serve the progress of our
people devoid of honor does not take place and to honor
the commitment to the work of the press Alaama had a choice
and donations and independent of all tutelage and supervision, guidance and
respected sources.
** The independence of the press , in turn , social
responsibilities andsocial order and people under its control alone is
the first condition for thework of journalist Sharif performance and
responsibility.
** According to the journalists and staunchest Bmahm responsible for it
... that envisage in his behavior professional principles of honor,
honesty and integrity, ethics and traditions ..otry reverence Khalifa and other
media that there are obligations of ten , like the false
Charter of Honor journalist summed up in the abolition
of all restrictions on freedom floor and easy access to information and
the facts and the availability ofguarantees for journalists in
freedom of expression and would cover theevents and in
the relationship would determine the official press institutions
approaching and to demand the lifting of censorship in all
its forms and to identify the role of advertising in
a society like ours , and in line with the objectives
of our society. And add that to the press at thesame time that
the journalist committed to the rules of professional conduct
Sharif in all its aspects and to keep away from work ads and that the
viewpoint of the parties at hand presents a case and looking right
and laying the foundations of justice and not in favor
of power against thecitizens of his country because he works for
the people and then to express their issues and defends them and that
envisages rules of ethics and honor and to protect the sources
of his information and that fears God and his conscience into account in
all the work he is doing.
The second topic: Digital Press:
Digital Press (web press or blogging)
as our offer print media offer a new kind of journalism , and if we
say that the print press its field of paper, ink and printer digital
press is scope VR or the so - called system Web has been dubbed
the electronic media ,which Tatmdaly Web If published materials was on
the network it includes many titles that can be falls below the term
of the press such as forums, sites and electronic versions of print
journalism and blogging Aln closest to the term electronic journalism is
blogging and we'll show the concept and scope and impact and ethics and
limitations.
First: the beginning: the bureaucracy
** Some believe that the Code Arabs due to Aldowayn system Ge beginning of
the Islamic State ( the era of the Caliphs)
** and bureaucracy collection "Diwan" The Court means the record
onwhich the record business, money , and those responsible for it or
them, or on the extent Mawardi expression in the Bowl provisions: the
Court subject to save the rights of the Sultanate of business and
the money is carried out by armies of workers, then the word
has also launched ametaphor from the door of the place
, which kept the records are being working out.
Researchers have differed as to the
origin of this word, and some went on to say that it is due
to the Persian origin, including Ibn Khaldun in his introduction, while
the back by the others to Arab descent, without thething
that means: proved, in the words of Ibn Manzoor in San Arabs taking
all Sibawayh.
******************************
This linguistic definition, historical Baldoowin we can get to therelationship
between the bureaucracy and blogs are both a way to jot down or save
all events taking place in the era.
With the difference between blogging and
government offices, government offices were used to codify Islamic state
affairs, it was not available to the general public that it codifies what he
wants, but what was to save the rights of the state of money and work and other
matters of state.
The blogs are a way codify or saved, but is
available to all that the blogging into a subject and freely.
However we do not deny that there is a
historic stretch between the bureaucracy and the blogosphere.
And from here we can say that blogging is
evolving powers and rapid system bureaucracy
** Second , the concept of
the Code
** Blog (Blog or Weblog) is a website that uses electronic as anewspaper,
like the rest of multimedia, in some cases, blogs focus on
aparticular subject, such as food, politics , or local news, and can these
codes are a daily diary.
Blogs can contain text, pictures and links to other blogs, websites,
and other media related to the article 's .
********************************
** Since the emergence of
the concept of blogging in 1995, and from there to bring him back in
1994 spread of blogging in the world dramatically, and the form
of massive popular community, thus many sites on the Internet
has become, it offers the possibility of free hosting for these
blogs.
*********************
** The terminology WebLog first appeared in late 1997, and then
theshortcut Blog appeared two years later. But this kind of Web sites
appeared some years ago, and exactly in May of 1994. According tostatistics in
August of last month, the number of blogs around the world
more than 50 million blogs!
Wall WebLog literally means "network records"; and are intended
to: aletter diary. The Arabs agree on a "code" Ktrib's
Weblog (or Blog), and "codify" Triba for Blogging.
In the opinion of Dr. Abdel Fattah Murad it must be translated Mstalj
Friends word hanging However conservatory on this opinion because outstanding
were attached to the walls and in the ancient period
of time and in quite limited and Mjhh place for the public
regional while Entries exist as long as the web you are connected to
the network, targeted to millions of people and then Frqatha
geographical and time and human endless.
** Codes are sites on the Internet are easy to set up, maintenance and
updating, has emerged initially as an e personal diary teenagers writes the
interests and the details of their lives, and then evolved into
a way to express their views and dialogue on common issues, and then
the third Gulf War came to come out of these codes into
the limelight to know so did the quality of blogging boom in
more than one region of the world.Where blog posts have evolved and
established itself a new style of electronic journalism, and perhaps
the basic strength is that they represent the voice
of "man on the street" without any Rtushat ideological or
institutional control. Valmdonat broker open to spread the views from
all directions, it is also Banatha and the speed of its approach
to events almost pull the rug out from under the traditional press,
especially in thenarrow space nations of the freedoms of expression,
and the near - total monopoly of information by
the authority.
Rebecca Blood is that bloggers are renegades in the online world.Vkdrthm
the purification and disclosure of information for a wide range of
recipients and their location outside the scope of mainstream media
are two of the most important strengths. They do not owe for
one. Spreading information, refer to it and pin them according to
their own standards distinctive.
************************************************** **
Third: the basics of blogging (Bloggs):
The
term Blog is derived from the word web log and the means
to access the network, and has been integrating the two words
became a Weblog, shortened and became a Blog, and who writes articles
called for Blogger, the writing process is called PAL Blogging.
Articles on the blog have the general shape of the following:
Title - the headline of the article, or the header of
the article.
The body - the main content of the article.
Comments - added comments on the article by readers.
Link article - put the complete URL of the article (if any).
Date of publication - date and time of the article
for publication.
** What is the difference between the Code and regular sites?
Entries consist of basic recipes, it apart from the standard Web
pages. It allows the creation of new pages: new information
easily be added within a form (usually consisting of a title,
category, and the body of the article), and then add the article
to the blog.
Automatic templates takes care of adding the article to the home
page, create a full page of the article.
It also allows easy filtration on the content of the Code, according
to thedate, category or author.
It also allows the Director of the Code add a number of publishers,
who are authorized to have articles within the code.
** - Digital Media:
After the spread of texts and internet connections, some blogs
havebecome includes images, and video clips.
Some blogs contain links to audio files.
There are codes of codes called the MP3, be specialized
to publish songs from the relevant species.
There are a lot of names that are issued to reflect such moblog
blogs, and blogs are competent mobile devices
Fourth: the types of blogs:
** Personal: publisher where he writes his own ideas, or his own hair, or
the graphics painted, thus becoming personal as Exhibit Entries can be
accessed from anywhere in the world.
** Previous experience: so that the publisher have expertise and
experience in the Code, the Code and thus become like a CV
of his own, he was all the abilities and skills.
** Social: that it deals with social themes publisher, she writes
stories inspired by the society in which he lives.
In addition to blogging literary, cultural, economic, political, scientific,
and sports ... etc.
Thus , we find that there are many types of blogs, practical content
ofeach blog, which determines the type of blog.
Fifth: The Arab blogs:
** among more than 37 million blog annexed the Internet (1), hardly theshare
of Arab blogs over the best estimate for 40 thousand blog (2), most
of them established in 2006, but that the impact and popularity
of the blogs expectations exceeded and have come to represent
a headache at the top of many Arab governments that
are heavily afraid to own citizens and the media allows them
to expose illegal practices and undemocratic characterizing these
governments approach, particularly after theprominent activity of Egyptian
bloggers, who were like someone pointed out a new path can route
of Arab bloggers , even if they pay a price for Egyptian bloggers
activity and detection of this high price, many of them represented
in prison for many months, following accusations of unfair and biased
investigations.
Despite the recent emergence of Arab blogs in general, but it has become
an effective tool shred Arab bloggers to use, whether to express
their concerns and the concerns of their communities , including
concerns personal or public.
Many groups have emerged have used this method in the detection of
thesilent Arab world , such as the eating of the details
of undeclared about the nature of life to their
communities
** emergence of Arab blogs across Milestones
Arab blogs began appearing in nearly three years , through theemergence
of some of the codes that are relatively old , such as "
Annals of the owner of the trees ,
"but some of the events that took place on or through the Arab
bloggers, has contributed significantly to ask questions about this new
tool or blogs, which are important stations and a starting point made
Activity bloggers and their writings under the spotlight, prompting much
of the Arab public, especially young people Anne establish their own
blogs.
The most important of these events or significant milestones that
contributed to the fame and expand bloggers ** a series of articles
for theveteran journalist Jihad el - Khazen in the London
- based Al - Hayat newspaper widespread blogging and
the Internet in the world in general ,with a focus on
the Arab world at the beginning of 2006.
** Signal Press writer Mohamed Hassanein Heikal during a meeting withAl
- Jazeera to follow up his interest and code of "Bahia"
from Egypt.
** On the sixth of April 2006 dismissed the Minister of Economic
Affairs and the general public writer (for good Blchorh) because of his
trip to theNew Zealand Ministry commissioned more than ten million centimes,
thanks to the listed Rashid Jankari published in his blog reveals this
waste.
Fifth: the impact of blogs:
** had Juan Cole, professor of history, a lot to say about terrorism
and thewar in Iraq, but few listened to him, and could not publish his
articles in the newspapers, but when he created his blog got 250 thousand
readers per month, and began to appearing in the media, and even testified
before the Senate Committee on Foreign relations; he says: "As
a result below my posts, I was invited by Middle East Journal
Journal of the contribution in fall 2003. when the Senate Committee
on Foreign relations staff conducted research among publications for
Muqtada al - Sadr and his movement, does not appear only woks. Senate
staff and some members have read and they were eager to know my views on
the situation. " This shift to Juan Cole , an expert and
thinker known enhances the stunning impact of the blogosphere.
** In the month of September 2004 CBS news network published a report
of a large Mzieiha (Dan Rather), the relevant documentation President Bush
's military service. His blog PowerLine seemed to him that
forged documents he wrote about it in his blog, and within hours reach of a
readers authentic documents issued by the National Guard so he published
immediately in his blog, and then quickly indicate more than 500 other
site to blog PowerLine, and begin to talk about this blog in theAmerican
media and would be attributed credited with the error CBS report
revealed.
This is a good example of the power of blogs, there are
those who consider this incident the beginning of the maturity
of US codes.
** Blogs force also highlights the continuing follow - up events and
developments even after they turn her traditional media to new events, and
bloggers in the United States have become a media force and
influential in the decisions increasingly.
** In December 2002 forced Trent Lott, the leader of the majority
party in the US Senate, to resign from his post, because of comments
uttered with a celebration. The media did not care, but those
comments did not pass peacefully for bloggers, turning a mistake Trent
Lott to complete scandal.
**
** The other concession of blogs has emerged during
the Southeast Asia tsunami, where already there are bloggers
the press coverage of thedisaster, and covered in detail
the word and the image of mass - winning, so that
the major television channels for the transport of these codes.Also
it has these codes incitement and motivation to donate, so that this enthusiasm
push the British government to increase the value of adonation after
donation surpassed the British what you intend to offer.
Also the same excellence achieved blogs during Hurricane Katrina ,which
struck the United States of America.
**
** Arabs still limited the impact of blogs, with the exception
of the Egyptian blogs that emerged packaged with the last
presidential elections and theemergence of "adequacy" popular
movement and excellent coverage of the massacre committed by the Egyptian
regime against the Sudanese refugees, remains the effect of non
- existent Arab blogs. The Moroccan blogs , what is less
than that pose a significant voice traffic continues toissue, but
the head start , which recently made a blog Rashid Jankari may
be a leap ahead Moroccan blogs to declare themselves and become stronger
distinct media, especially with elections approaching.
**
** During the last week of March 2006 Organization ICCAN held
its last meeting , New Zealand, has represented Morocco where Mr.
Hassan Blchorh year book at the Ministry of Economic and General
Affairs. Unlike the rest of the delegations that the voyage
across Malaysia, the Moroccan actor marathon journey through Paris and Los
Angeles, which theministry was commissioned more than 130 thousand dirhams
-oho much more than the amount of the cost of such a trip.
** Blogger Rachid Jankari, technical journalist casanet company overseeing the
gate news Menara.ma and owned by Maroc Telecom, has published a bill that
exposes this waste in his blog, the reaction came totally unexpected:
Director Rashid in the work force him to withdraw that topic from Blog
threatened with dismissal from work. Although there is never
a relationship between the company and the ministry, and even
completely independent Entries for the company!
Moroccan bloggers community move fast in solidarity with Rachid, it arose
more than a blog to redeploy that subject, and arrived enthusiasm to
the written press , who spoke on the subject. Result:
Announcement director Rachid Rachid stay in his work, and the announcement
by the Minister of Economic and General Affairs for
the dismissal of General Hassan Blchorh writer.
Though Rashid was forced to withdraw the subject of his blog, fearing
for their sole source of income, but the intervention of the rest of
the bloggers came fast enough, to say that the Moroccan blogs began
its journey towards maturity, and will soon take its place as
a source of power in thedecision - making.
**************************************************
********
** what is the reality of the Arab electronic press worldfootball?
** Arabs began to talk about the electronic press immediately after
thestart of the Internet to provide in Arab countries;
the middle of the last decade. Since then , and even now it
is still the term "electronic media" -arabiya- intractable
constipation. Arab Valhoudor, technical constraints, is still scarce
, compared to the global press, the situation of Morocco is not
in isolation from the Arab reality as a whole. If we say
that it is less than Arab counterparts will never Nganb right.
Right. To talk about the reality of the electronic media in
the Arab country exaggeration. Electronic journalism, accounting
for more than 50% illiteracy rate , a literacy reading and writing
, and represents the number of Internet users in which
the percentage not exceeding 20% of thepopulation !! The world's
first talk about the democratization of theInternet, namely the right
of all citizens to have access to the Alanturnt.o We in the Arab
world still have to speak for many of the problems Alhaob-- says
Moroccan writer and expert blogging Mohammed Saeed Ohadjioj-- of providing
employment opportunities and food and clothing, treatment, education, housing,
goods and other basic services without raising prices and an increase in
taxes and fees under new laws or under administrative decisions, he adds that
they are citizen of Morocco , and add that they are citizen Arab
generally
** parental control online
censorship crisis worry haunted all parents. But for any control we
talking about? Is there a possibility of control in front of
the amazing flow of theInternet? The answer is absolutely
no.
Why should we think about censorship? There are only two things can
be the fear of them: the pornographic sites, and sites of
the extremist mindset.
If the education and upbringing has properly, with the training
of children and their parents to get them used to discuss,
we will never be afraid of these two dangerous. Education
is rational is based on suppression toprotect the child from
the moral chaos, and develop the chastity keep him out of pornographic
sites. As for getting used to the freedom ofexpression is
the only way to protect children from drifting towards theses intellectual
extremes.
Mohammed Saeed Ohadjioj believes that this is just talk my
utopian. We should not forget that half of the people
are illiterate, and this means, some circular, that half of
the children growing up amidst a cultural level of the families
of non - existent, it is there to talk about the
"prevention" of the negative effects of the Internet
remains far from reality. It remains therisk of drift "ex
situ" is very improbable, and will not benefit any control about
it. Reaching the Internet can be done from anywhere; from home or
abroad. The solution that we need: education.
Vlenzael first: What is the reason for the low level of reading
the printed book? The first answer is always present:
the budget crisis. How can a citizen daily salary of less than
five dollars to buy a book cost up to ten dollars? It is never
easy. Arab support level books are very meager, this -Add to impose
some Arab countries tariffs on Ketab- raise the price of thebook is
fabulous, limiting the proportion of acquisition.
In front of the high cost of the book, do not stay in front of
the Arab citizen only sufficiency newspaper or magazine light, as far as
its budget.
As for the case of electronic publishing do not differ in
anything. The experience of the deployment of Arab books
electronically experience is still outside the measurement, Attempts
are very rare, Almighty currently is copied from traditional
books. Modern books are rare, and also the cost of not less
Algalb- At five dollars per book. Taking into account the issue of
the difficulty of reading in front of the computer screen,
read the entire book in electronic form is not easy. Here , too:
the citizen finds himself obliged to simply read newspapers and magazines,
with breasts electronic pattern.
No different then: Reading the crisis are the same. Both for
print or electronic book to book. The problem has always primarily:
material.
Deviation without the use of such "filters". The risk
remains ever - present in front of the low educational level
of households.
Overall , the experience can be limited to ' the world of
the Web' in thenarrow sense of course in three stages: 1 stage
of domestication and discovery learning phase 2 and the practice
of research and exploration self - reliant. 3 skill and
production programs and effective contribution to the stage ..
and blogging expert adds that the experience Arabic - is still
wandering in the "domestication" stage. But there
are non - trivial segment of Internet users exceeded Moroccans
seeking the exploration stage to stage, and some of them reached the
production stage. It varies from state to state.Palestine or Egypt ,
for example , arrived in the actual production and contributing
to the stage. There are countries such as Tunisia and theGulf
states arrived at the stage of self - reliance. And there
are countries still like the
many who care about the domain do not differentiate between electronic
writing and journalism written how it describes
Sixth: - the ethics of blogging
see Rebecca Blood expert in the field of media and blogging
** that the real reason for the start of the news organizations
in fact thephenomenon of blogging is the potential impact of network
codes, it may also be the reason behind the deal with blogging
Ksahafh. Bloggers may not think
in terms of control and influence , but the commercial media
to do so.The media seeks above all to gain a wide range of
recipients. Which it relies advertising gains, which are
the lifeblood of any means or dissemination of professional
radio, on the size of the audience . It is a way Alnscherhzh the
standpoint of trade publication The content is only to attract
the eyes of the ads, whether the means used are publications or
TV.
The journalists --nas transporting Alobar--
aware of the potential for the exploitation in the core of their system, which
relies on support from the business sector and Almmiskin the reins of power,
each with his agenda, which is working on its implementation. The ethical
codes of journalists designed to determine the responsibilities of the press
and to provide clear regulations for conduct to ensure the integrity of the
news.
But blogs produced by non-professionals do not
have such controls, and bloggers show their pride most of the time this amateur
status, and it seems the slogan: "We do not need anyone who checks the
facts behind" is the prevailing approach them as if they were inaccuracies
virtue.
Let me suggest "a radical
conception:" The greatest strengths of the Code - being free voice without
supervision or interference from one- is also the greatest
weaknesses. News outlets may be in another city comes to the benefits of
advertising has journalists has a strong incentive to maintain good relations
with their sources to stay in the area, but because the news professional
institutions is to have a trade salaries paid, and advertisers to make them
happy and recipients to attract them and keep them, therefore it has a vested
interest to support certain criteria readers continue to pay their
subscriptions and advertisers buying. The blogs Vpetkfattha simple little
hope in a good physical income do not have this type of incentives.
The very things that may threaten the
professional news outlets are at the same time, incentives for a certain level
of journalistic standards. The same things that make blogging very
valuable alternative news sources - the absence of guards and freedom of every
Alawaqub-- may affect the integrity and thus its value. There are many
indications that blogs will gain tremendous influence their numbers increased
publicity and awareness Bnoaha. But it is not true what some people
confirmed that the network will avoid false information or that the truth is
always purified to spread awareness. Rumors spread because the diffusion
fun. The patch, but it is equally entertaining, rarely gets a lot of
attention, both in the real world or on the Internet.
Almost no talk about ethics in the
blogosphere: Outlaws are known for their resistance because they are told that
what they should do. But I will suggest six rules I think they are the
foundation of ethical behavior for all types of publishing on the
Internet. I wish I could take the blogging community into account the
principles presented here; the passage of time and the increasing expertise may
see the need for the community in addition to these rules, or to further codify
our standards. I hope at least that these rules will provoke discussion
about our responsibilities and complexities of collective behavior.
Ethical Journalism rules seek to ensure
impartiality and accuracy in news reporting, and compared Each of the proposals
are trying to come to transparency - one of the distinctive features of the
Code and more strengths - every aspect of the practice of blogging. It is
not realistic to expect that every blogger / blog to present a balanced picture
of the world, but it is very logical to expect them to talk about their sources
and prejudices and behavior.
The bloggers Egyptians, despite the work
done, on their quest to consider them as journalists will have
a special interest in adhering to these principles. Someday news
organizations have indicated their willingness to refer to the blog (or
blog entries) as a reliable source, only if General blogs showed integrity
in the collection and dissemination of information and consistency in
their behavior on the Internet.
*
*********************
*** Any blogger is expected to give advantages and protect
the profession of journalism because the need to go beyond these
principles. The rights have responsibilities associated with it; in
the end, the extent of theindividual professionalism and accuracy followed
ethical recognized standards that will determine the position in
the eye of society and thelaw. As for the rest of us
, I believe the following criteria is sufficient:
1. Spread a fact just what you think
is true
if you say just a guess, disclosed it. If you have reason to believe
that something is true, either not published or register Thfezatk it. When
itconfirms something I do that good thought, I mention this fact only if they
are actually depending on your knowledge of the fact.
2. If the material is present, place
a link to her when they refer to
link material referred to allow readers to judge for themselves the
accuracy and insight into what it says. The reference to
the materials but put links only to agree with him is
a fool. Online readers deserve, as much as possible, the facts
of each force. Use of the Internet in this way can
the readers to become active not passive consumers of information.Moreover,
linking sources is more ways in which we create the new information
network and a common and broad knowledge.
On rare occasions when the writer wishes to
point without causing a traffic density of the site it considers reprehensible
morally (site Hateful, for example) should be written (without laying a link)
the name or location abuser title and remember the reason for the decision not
to put a link.This will give readers enthusiasts find the required information
because the site and judge for themselves. This strategy allows the writer
to retain acknowledged its transparency (and thus integrity) at the same time
refrain from supporting the cause can be found menial.
3. publicly corrected any wrong
information
if you find that you have put a link to the story is true, point
to thedevelopment of more accurate link to the report, if proven
to be one of your words is not accurate, point to both the truth and you
say is true. At best these corrections will appear in the latest
version of the entry Kmlhozh added to the original blog post. (Remember
that the search engines will produce Entries regardless of the time
of publication; Once the existence of entry in the archives
, they may continue to deploy entry is true even though
the information corrected a few days later). If youwere not ready
to add a correction to an earlier blog post, at least to thepoint
that in a later blog post.
One of the obvious ways to signal to correct
that which is applied by Cory Doctorow, a book blog Boeing Boeing, it is
costing to any false information and adds the corrected information directly
afterwards. The reader can see clearly what was written by Bill Currie
originally and information which they feel the Code and that it is more
accurate. (Type it using the HTML as follows: The reader can clearly see
what was written by Bill Currie originally and information which they feel the
Code and that it is more accurate)
4. Write down all blog entries like you
will not be able to change; Post but do not delete or rewrite any
codification.
Spread carefully. If invested time and effort in every blog post will
emphasize the professional and personal your integrity.
Change or delete Entries destroys the
integrity of the Internet, the Internet has been designed to be connected;
certainly archive links is an invitation for others to connect. Anyone
attached to or quotes the text of the Web depends on the text remains
unchanged. Addition phenomenon is the preferred way to correct any
information anywhere on the Internet. If the supplement is not practical,
as in the case of an article contains a huge amount of inaccuracies, Changes
must be registered with the date and a brief description of the nature of the
change.
If you think that the whispers too much, keep
in mind that if the writer refers to the document on the Internet to support
the claim. If the document has changed or disappeared - especially if
Altgier-- did not score, the argument will be considered nonsense. Books
do not change, fixed and newspapers. New copies on paper always mean they
are new implicitly.
Common knowledge network we are building more
than a fad will not become unless we protect the integrity of the creation of a
proven track record, which we publish. Internet benefit even from the blog
that were deemed irrelevant to current circumstances change themes, historical
remains as records. For example: a blogger complains of the lack of an
article on the Internet accurate; Visahh Writer things inaccurate and (score
it!); Then do not become a post blogger is meaningful? Survey entry means
somehow that the whole incident did not happen-even though it
occurred. Record be accurate history and serve better if bloggers record
under the original blog that the writer has corrections that story now,
according to science blogger is accurate.
You can rewrite history but can not cancel
what happened in it. It is possible to change or erase the words on the
Internet, but the possibility of the act does not always mean correct
policy. Think before you publish and defended what you write. If you
decide later that you were wrong about something, record it and continued to
blogging.
I chose never to publish anything I
was not ready to defend him even if Idid not agree later. I'm working
on that
I'm with insight and accurate, no matter how you are angry or excited
about a particular topic. If I changed my mind after a day
or two I register this change. If you need because I apologize for
anything I said , I apologize.
If you find that you published false
information, you must register it openly in your blog. Survey entry abusive
will not correct the misinformation that absorbed readers. Do additional
step to add additional correction of the Code will ensure that publishes
Googleplex accurate information in the future.
The only exception to this rule is when you
disclose personal information to a so inadvertently. If you find that you
have betrayed a trust or made him uncomfortable mentioned in the post, it is
fair to remove the whole post, but the record that you did it.
5. reveal any conflict of interest
Most bloggers are clear with regard to their jobs and Ahtmamthm career.The
experience of programmed computer are what give special weight to
their comments when the decomposition of an article in
the magazine features the latest operating systems. As long as
the mass Entries based on trust, it is the interest of every blogger
to disclose any material interests (or potential conflict of interest) when
they require it. It may have a particular effect of
the bill was introduced in Parliament or commercial integration
of vision; if they will benefit directly from the result of any
event, you must register it in its observations. Entries and admire
a product or service must register it carries the shares in
the company every time supports the service on its front
page. Even Entries that receive a CD -ROM for the evaluation
must be recorded that fact; readers can decide for themselves whether
the positive assessment of the building or on the taste of its
desire to continue to receive free CDs.
Quickly record any possibility of conflict
of interest and then say what youwant; then readers will have all the
information they need to assess your comments.
Section III: A Comparative Study: The
third topic: the printing press, the press printed a comparative
study:
** We can through previous offer that Ngarn- in Ajalh- between them as
follows:
1. some called a printing press in the modern electronic media or digital
media age , and this designation wrong because there is a difference
between the use of digital technologies in the printed version
of the paper and the digital version of the entire web , which
Mantaleg the digital press or electronic journalism summit on blogging.
2-printed press issued daily in the morning or Msaouaoo Tsdrosbuaah or
Snoahoo monthly, quarterly , semi - annual or annual While
the issue ofdigital journalism published simultaneously in any case and
Alto.
3-Press printed Atelhak news compared with the media audio and video while
digital press Taatba news compared these means in real time.
4-Press printed using printing elements of the paper and the ink and
theprinting press has been used text, image and color elements into
the mix get me out while digital media is used along with text,
image and color Almaltimdia elements of the video is a movie
, and Flash is sliced and music and sound in harmony.
5-characterized electronic writing for print media using the so
- called text superior or Hypertext term means that for limitless front
of creativity into that there is a correlation between the text
and other texts related to thecurrent text , but there may be
a correlation between the picture element or one of the elements
of multimedia and other links to the same previous elements
Danoa which interaction between the newspaper and thereader and gives her
scenes and hear are not compressed in time Math..aly unlike print media
where you will not find a page is written that represent text alone
and there may be Ahlat to other pages to Asktmal text.
6-writing Alno.ahmn where drafting
is characterized by condensation and brevity and focus on
the most important , while the print media based on
the classic formulation methods and that got rid of the last years of
theexcess fillers methods and followed a simple language called scientists
call the media language and consistent with the digital press on
an item important in shaping the news only.
7-print media are slow and lack of innovation unlike digital journalism
characterized by speed, innovation and renewal.
8-digital journalism depended on the cooperation between the different
actors in the field of publishing , such as to provide the
service companies and the exchange of information and the use
of modern techniques in the collection and publication
of digital Unlike print media.
9-digital press does not need to significant costs for its establishment
asopposed to the press Almtbuahobeks also broadcast journalism.
10-digital press does not need to laws and administrative restrictions and
the requirement for its establishment or to operate contrary to the
printed press and the press also , unlike audio and video.
11-legal control over the print media , represented by the
criminalization of the crimes of press publishing laws and set forth
in the press legislation and penal laws , while The censorship
Asahafhalno.ah in blocking websites by ISP companies then finally turned from
the reality of the application to the criminalization of certain
publications and application of criminalization their laws in more of
the case in the Arab countries.
12-digital journalism has transformed
the prevailing central system in theprint media , but in other media
to decentralized where each individual is in itself its own independent
newspaper.
13. Digital media have a strong influence on the masses and to
express them , and the formation of public opinion and mobilize
people to support a public issue and then it may impact a stronger
decision - maker compared to printed newspapers and other
media.
14-digital press worked to highlight the full facts and documented in Alto
and in the moment and from different sources , as opposed to
the printed press and other media , which exercised a sort
of Filtration for news and information before publishing them in favor of
the ruling power or external or financial authority or other lobbyists
authority.
15-digital journalism worked on human communication at the local level and
at the national level and at the Arab level and on the Islamic
level and at the level Almymgarnh printed press.
16-digital journalism scrapped geographical boundaries between nations and
helped the exchange of information and ideas among peoples and each
other as opposed to the printed press.
17. digital press promoted freedom and democracy and justice
Alajtmaihoalthagavah and Alssayashwalajtmaih values and supported theconcepts
of brotherhood, equality and the rights of peoples, peace based
on justice , compared with the press and other media
Almtbuahoosail.
18-digital journalism has opened the way for creators in various
fields oflife and the forces of the opposition and the independent
owners thought compared to the printed press and other media
, which has put the role of the media Altaam on these groups in
favor of a variety of salads and certain groups pressure.
A list of references and
sources:
** First , in the field of print journalism:
** reverence Khalifa / d / science Liberation press-Part One / First Edition /
1980
Publisher -mketbh Anglo - Egyptian
** reverence Khalifa / d / press means and the challenges of
the Muslim community / first Edition 1980
-Egyptian Anglo library publisher
** Ahmad Badr / d / et al. (Abdul Rahman Sheikh Abdullah / Nabil Ibrahim)
Kuwaiti press Study documentary analytical historical analytical historical
archival
publisher - Sabah Foundation Publishing and distribution / 1979
** Ibrahim Abdo / d / the evolution of the Egyptian press from 1798
to 1981
Alneshr-- Arabs scored 1982
** Khalil injuries / d / journalism and message / versions of Knowledge
House book No. 27/1977
** frozen Hassan Abdel Aziz / contemporary language of the press /
releases Dar Knowledge / book number 98 1978
** Mahmoud Fahmy / art major edit / Egyptian General book Authority newspapers
in 1982
** Sami Aziz / d / diary in the history of Egyptian and Arab Press /
Faculty of Information 1983
**************** ******************
** Layla Abdul Majeed / d / freedom of
the press between the legislation and the application / without
publisher 1985
** Layla Abdul Majeed / d / Egyptian press and the cause of democracy
/ publisher / library Arab / 1983
** Ragia Qandil / d / diary in the international media / Faculty
ofInformation in 1984
** Mahmoud Alam El Din / d / press Art in / Library Faculty of public
Information of the magazine
** Mahmoud Alam El Din / d / diary in the output press / College media /
1984
** No. 355 962 extension Ahram / newspaper
issued on 03.06.1984
** Second: in the field of digital journalism:
** Sources and references:
** **** entries to Rebecca Blood: translation Nasr Ahmed Agiza and review Rehab
Bassam)
** site The Arabic network for Human rights Information
** Mohammed Saeed site Ohadjioj expert blogging known and Moroccan citizenship.
**:
Http://www.drmourad.net/blog/?p=6 ****
** see Judge Abdul Fattah Murad his blog:
entitled:
«scientific and legal assets of the codes of ethics on the Internet
due to industry pendants» see judge Dr. Abdel Fattah Mourad Entries on
thedefinition of the language and idiomatically and his proposal on
amending this name to be the (pending) instead of ( the code).
This is
the Arabic translation of "Weblog Ethics" by Rebecca Blood * Ethics *
Blogging - By Rebecca Blood translation Nasr Ahmed Agiza - references ...
N our articles by revolutions
This is
the Arabic translation of "Weblog Ethics" by Rebecca Blood * Ethics *
Blogging - By Rebecca Blood translation Nasr Ahmed Agiza - references ...
TAWASOL.BLOGSPOT.COM
